Bernabé Mallo
Doctor en Filosofía por la Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU)
Investigador
en neurofilosofía, evolución humana y origen del arte. / PhD in
Philosophy – University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU)
Researcher in neurophilosophy, human evolution, and the origins of art.
A review of Raquel Cascales' article (2023): Interpreting AI-Generated Art: Arthur Danto's Perspective on Intention, Authorship, and Creative Traditions in the Age of Artificial Intelligence
Introduction: what would Danto have thought of AI-generated art?
Arthur C. Danto, one of the most influential philosophers of art of the 20th century, passed away in 2013, just before artificial intelligence began to make its mark on the world of aesthetic creation. He did not live to see paintings generated by neural networks, poems written by algorithms, or symphonies composed by autonomous systems. But his philosophy, as Raquel Cascales argues in an article published in 2023 in the Polish Journal of Aesthetics, offers valuable conceptual tools for interpreting this phenomenon .
Cascales asks: how would Danto have applied his ideas about contemporary art, intention, interpretation, and authorship to AI-generated works? And, beyond that, does the irruption of AI into art constitute a new rupture with previous traditions or, on the contrary, does it fall within the same narrative that Danto considered already concluded?
This article, as we shall see, does not offer definitive answers, but it does raise fundamental questions for the philosophy of art in the digital age. From the perspective of our research on the S/Y/C model and Surgical Philosophy, Cascales' analysis is especially valuable because it forces us to refine concepts —intention, authorship, tradition— that are central to understanding the origin of art and its future.
Danto and the end of art: a brief introduction
To understand the relevance of Cascales' analysis, it is necessary to recall some key ideas of Danto. The American philosopher is famous for his thesis of the "end of art" , which should not be misinterpreted as an apocalyptic prophecy. Danto did not argue that art had ceased to be produced or that it had lost its value. Rather, he argued that the master narrative that had guided the history of Western art —the pursuit of faithful representation, the expression of beauty, the exploration of form— had reached its end.
Contemporary art, since the advent of Duchamp's readymade, is characterised as posthistorical: it no longer progresses toward a determined end, but unfolds in an open field of possibilities where anything is permitted, as long as it is accompanied by an interpretation that establishes it as art. What defines a work as art, for Danto, is not any perceptible property, but its inscription in an art world and the interpretation that can be offered of it.
This conception has radical implications for the question of AI. If art is whatever can be interpreted as art within a tradition and a theory, then perhaps a work generated by an algorithm could, in principle, be considered art. But Danto also gave a central role to the intention of the author and belonging to a creative tradition. And here is where tensions arise.
Intention and authorship: can an algorithm have intentions?
Cascales analyses in detail the question of intentionality in AI-generated art . For Danto, the artist's intention is a crucial component of interpretation. Not just any object can be art, but only those that have been made with the intention of being art, or that can be interpreted as if they had been made with that intention within an appropriate historical and theoretical context.
The problem, as Cascales notes, is that AI systems do not have intentions in the human sense of the term. They do not pursue goals, they do not make deliberate decisions, they do not seek to communicate something to a viewer. They process data, optimise functions, generate outputs. But there is no one "inside" who wants to say something. Can an AI-generated work then be considered art in the Dantoian sense?
Cascales suggests that, at this point, Danto's philosophy shows its limits. If intention is indispensable, then AI art would not properly be art. But it is also possible to reinterpret the notion of intention, broadening it to include the intentions of the system's designers, or the uses that viewers make of the work. This is an open path, but not without difficulties.
The question of authorship is parallel. Who is the author of an AI-generated work? The programmer who designed the algorithm? The user who entered the parameters? The system itself? Cascales does not offer a single answer, but points out the complexity of the problem and the need to revise our traditional categories.
Creative tradition and rupture: a new chapter or the definitive end?
One of the most fascinating questions posed by Cascales is whether the irruption of AI into art constitutes a rupture with previous artistic traditions or, on the contrary, falls within the same posthistorical narrative that Danto considered already concluded .
On the one hand, it could be argued that AI represents something radically new. Never before have we had the possibility of delegating the generation of works to autonomous non-human systems. For some, this is an ontological change that redefines what it means to "create". AI is not a tool like the brush or the camera: it is an agent with a certain degree of autonomy, although not of consciousness.
On the other hand, it could be argued that AI is just the latest in a long series of technological innovations that have expanded the possibilities of art. Photography, cinema, and digital imaging were already received with scepticism and finally integrated into artistic practices. AI, from this perspective, would not be a rupture, but a continuation of the same logic of media expansion.
Cascales does not clearly opt for either option. Her main contribution is to show that Danto's philosophy provides a framework for formulating the question with precision, although not for answering it definitively. And that, in itself, is an advance.
Connection with research on the origin of art (S/Y/C)
Cascales' analysis resonates deeply with the research we have been developing on the S/Y/C model of neuronal functioning and the Law of Biological Coherence. The question of intention and authorship in AI art forces us to clarify what we understand by these notions and how they relate to the fundamental dimensions of our thesis.
The S (Survival) dimension reminds us that human artistic intention is not a purely rational or disembodied act. It is rooted in homeostatic needs: the artist creates because they feel, because they hurt, because they rejoice, because they need to process the world in order to survive in it. AI, lacking a body and vital needs, cannot have intentions in this full sense. Its "outputs" are not expressions of an internal state, but probabilistic calculations.
The Y (Symbolon) dimension is central to understanding authorship. The artist is, in essence, a living symbolon: a subject who inhabits symbols and shares them with others. The work of art is a symbolon that refers to a subjectivity that inhabited it. AI can manipulate symbols, but cannot inhabit them. Therefore, speaking of "authorship" in the case of AI is, at the very least, problematic.
The C (Wholeness) dimension speaks to the human need to close forms, to achieve coherent totalities. The artist seeks, through their work, to satisfy this drive. AI can generate formally closed objects, but does not experience the need for wholeness. Its "work" is a product, not an act.
Surgical Philosophy invites us to make a precise analytical cut in this debate. It is not about rejecting AI art nor accepting it uncritically. It is about distinguishing levels: the level of the product (the generated work) and the level of the process (the embodied creative act). At the first level, AI can produce artefacts that the artistic community may decide to call "art". At the second level, however, AI cannot occupy the place of the human artist, because it lacks the S, Y, C dimensions that define embodied creativity.
Cascales, by drawing on Danto, offers us a way to think about this distinction. Danto taught us that art is not only a matter of visible properties, but of interpretation and inscription in a tradition. AI can produce works that are interpreted as art within our practices. But what interpretation cannot replace is the absence of an intentional subjectivity that underpins them. And that absence, for those of us who value art as an expression of the living, is insurmountable.
Final considerations: art after Danto and after AI
Raquel Cascales' article has the merit of applying the Dantoian framework to the question of AI-generated art with rigour and balance. It falls neither into uncritical technological enthusiasm nor conservative rejection. It points out tensions and aporias, and invites us to continue thinking.
From our perspective, the question of whether AI produces art is not an empirical question, but a conceptual one. It depends on what we understand by art. If we understand art as a formal product that can be interpreted aesthetically, then AI can produce art. If we understand art as an act of expression of an embodied subjectivity, then AI cannot, in principle, produce art.
Our research on the origin of art in the Homo species inclines us toward the second option. Human art, from its earliest manifestations in Makapansgat or in the caves of the Palaeolithic, has been a testimony of life that knows itself alive. A testimony that implies a body that feels, a symbol that is inhabited, a wholeness that is yearned for. AI can imitate forms, but it cannot generate that source. Because that source is life itself.
And that, perhaps, is what Danto, with his sensitivity for grand narratives, would have understood. Posthistorical art is not art without an artist. It is art in which the artist, aware that all forms are possible, freely chooses to express their embodied, finite, mortal condition. AI cannot make that choice. And that is why, however sophisticated its algorithms, it cannot occupy the place of the creator.
References
Cascales, R. (2023). Interpreting AI-generated art: Arthur Danto's perspective on intention, authorship, and creative traditions in the age of artificial intelligence. Polish Journal of Aesthetics, 71(4), 17–29. https://doi.org/10.7311/2665-2023-4-17
Mallo, Bernabé. (2023). La construcción neuro-simbólica. Una aproximación al funcionamiento del cerebro desde una perspectiva multidisciplinar [Doctoral thesis, University of the Basque Country - Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea]. ADDI Repository. http://hdl.handle.net/10810/62701
Mallo, Bernabé. (2026a). De la filosofía quirúrgica a la ley de coherencia biológica S/Y/C: Hacia una investigación sobre el origen del arte en la especie Homo. Lopez Mallo, Javier Bernabé. https://isbn.bibna.gub.uy/catalogo.php?mode=detalle&nt=57196
Mallo, Bernabé. (2026a). De la filosofía quirúrgica a la ley de coherencia biológica S/Y/C: Hacia una investigación sobre el origen del arte en la especie Homo [Kindle edition]. Amazon. https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0GYGTJD5C
Mallo, Bernabé. (2026b). From surgical philosophy to the law of biological coherence S/Y/C: Toward a study of the origin of art in the Homo lineage. Lopez Mallo, Javier Bernabé. https://isbn.bibna.gub.uy/catalogo.php?mode=detalle&nt=57197
Mallo, Bernabé. (2026b). From surgical philosophy to the law of biological coherence S/Y/C: Toward a study of the origin of art in the Homo lineage [Kindle edition]. Amazon. https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0GY89SZS1
Autor / Author
Bernabé Mallo
Doctor en Filosofía – Universidad del País Vasco / Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU)
Investigador independiente en neurofilosofía, evolución humana y origen del arte.
Bernabé Mallo
PhD in Philosophy – University of the Basque Country / Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU)
Independent researcher in neurophilosophy, human evolution, and the origin of art.
Enlaces / Links
Página de autor Amazon / Amazon Author Page: https://www.amazon.com/author/bernabemallo
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9002-9728
Plataforma EHUenRed / Link EHUenRed: https://www.ehu.eus/es/web/masterrak-eta-graduondokoak/red-latinoamericana-de-posgrados
Canal YouTube / Channel YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@neuroideas815
Canal YouTube / Channel YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCBsf6OZ482NjST6QA-hvYtQ
Publicaciones y proyectos en desarrollo / Publications and projects:
https://www.amazon.com/author/bernabemallo
https://ehuenred.theglocal.network/ideas/el-origen-del-arte-en-el-cerebro-de-makapansgat-al-moma-del-primate-al-sapiens