Bernabé Mallo
Doctor en Filosofía por la Universidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU)
Investigador
en neurofilosofía, evolución humana y origen del arte. / PhD in
Philosophy – University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU)
Researcher in neurophilosophy, human evolution, and the origins of art.
A review of the discovery by Henshilwood and colleagues (2002): Emergence of modern human behavior: Middle Stone Age engravings from South Africa
Introduction: the enigma of the modern mind
When did humans begin to behave like humans? I do not mean anatomy —walking upright or having large brains— but something more elusive: the capacity to create symbols, to communicate abstract meanings, to express something beyond immediate need. For decades, the answer seemed clear: modern behavior, including art, emerged in Eurasia some 40,000 years ago, with the splendor of the Upper Paleolithic and the paintings of Chauvet or Lascaux.
But a discovery published in the journal Science in 2002 by Christopher Henshilwood and an international team of researchers radically changed this narrative (Henshilwood et al., 2002). In Blombos Cave, on the southern coast of South Africa, they found two pieces of red ochre engraved with abstract geometric patterns. Their age: 77,000 years. That is 35,000 years before the groups of Homo sapiens that had migrated to Eurasia began to paint their caves, and 40,000 years before what many researchers considered the beginning of human art (Henshilwood et al., 2002).
The discovery, reinforced by subsequent finds —including a 73,000-year-old drawing in the same cave and engravings over 100,000 years old— forces us to rethink where and when the symbolic mind emerged. For our research on the origin of art in the Homo species, it offers crucial evidence: the artistic capacity is not a late invention of Eurasian populations, but a trait deeply rooted in our biology and cognition, already present in Africa long before modern humans dispersed to other continents.
The Blombos discovery: two engraved ochre pieces
In 1999 and 2000, excavations at Blombos Cave, a rock shelter overlooking the Indian Ocean on the Western Cape of South Africa, brought to light two pieces of red ochre that would change archaeology (Henshilwood et al., 2002).
The first piece (SAM-AA 8937), about 53 millimeters long, features a series of cross-hatched lines, with a lozenge or diagonal design, crossed by a horizontal line. The second (SAM-AA 8938), about 76 millimeters long, shows a more complex motif: a row of lozenges, bounded by parallel lines at the top and bottom, and divided by a central line that turns the lozenges into triangles (Henshilwood et al., 2002).
What makes these engravings extraordinary is not only their age, but their intentionality. Microscopic analysis revealed that the surfaces of the pieces were prepared by scraping and polishing before being engraved. The lines are not accidental marks, but deliberate incisions, made with a sharp stone tool and with precise hand control (Henshilwood et al., 2002). Moreover, the patterns are not disconnected scribbles: they show a complex geometric structure, with lines crossing at specific angles, overlapping in an orderly manner, and forming a coherent visual unit.
The study authors, led by Christopher Henshilwood (then at the South African Museum in Cape Town), argued that these motifs "suggest arbitrary conventions unrelated to reality-based cognition" (Henshilwood et al., 2002, p. 1279). That is, they do not represent animals, people, or landscapes; they are abstract symbols, whose meaning is lost to us, but which undoubtedly had meaning for those who created them.
Dating: 77,000 years of antiquity
One of the most robust aspects of the Henshilwood study is the rigorous dating of the engravings. To determine their age, the team applied two luminescence dating methods, which measure the last time minerals were exposed to heat or light (Henshilwood et al., 2002).
Thermoluminescence (TL) applied to five burnt stone pieces from the layers where the ochres were found gave a mean age of 77,000 ± 6,000 years. To confirm stratigraphic integrity, optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) was applied to quartz grains from an aeolian dune covering the site, yielding an age of 69,000 to 70,000 years (Henshilwood et al., 2002). The fact that both techniques produced consistent ages, and that the upper dune was clearly younger than the layers with the engravings, confirmed the antiquity of the pieces and ruled out the possibility of contamination by more recent materials.
These dates placed the Blombos engravings in the Middle Stone Age (MSA), a period of African prehistory spanning from about 250,000 to about 40,000 years ago. Until then, evidence of symbolic behavior in the MSA had been scarce and often ambiguous (Henshilwood et al., 2002). The Henshilwood discovery demonstrated that, at least in southern Africa, modern humans were already behaving as such 77,000 years ago.
Why are these engravings important?
The importance of the Blombos engravings transcends their antiquity. Their significance lies in what they reveal about the human mind and the origin of symbolic capacity, a capacity that, as we have seen in other reviews on this blog, is the foundation of art and culture.
1. They dismantle the "Big Bang" myth
For a long time, archaeology held that modern behavior emerged suddenly and explosively in Eurasia about 40,000 years ago, in what was called the "Upper Paleolithic revolution" (Henshilwood et al., 2002). The Blombos engravings, along with subsequent finds at the same site —including a 73,000-year-old drawing and engravings over 100,000 years old— prove this narrative wrong. Symbolic capacity did not suddenly emerge in Eurasia; it has much deeper roots in Africa, where anatomically modern humans had existed for tens of thousands of years.
2. They evidence the presence of syntactic language
One of the most powerful arguments of Henshilwood and his colleagues is that the transmission and shared meaning of these engravings "required fully syntactic language" (Henshilwood et al., 2002, p. 1280). That is, for an abstract symbol such as a geometric pattern to be understood by other members of a group, a communication system is needed that allows conventions to be agreed upon and transmitted. The Blombos engravings are therefore indirect proof that their creators possessed language as complex as our own.
3. They demonstrate a cultural tradition
The presence of multiple engraved pieces at Blombos —two in 2002, thirteen more in 2009, and a drawing in 2018— suggests that we are not dealing with isolated acts, but with a cultural tradition that extended over at least 25,000 years (Henshilwood et al., 2009). The engraving techniques, geometric patterns, and surface preparation are repeated over time, indicating that knowledge was transmitted from generation to generation.
4. They broaden our understanding of the origin of art
The Blombos engravings are not "art" in the sense of figurative painting or sculpture. But they are the oldest evidence of intentional abstract representation found to date. They represent a crucial moment in the evolution of the human mind: the moment when a useful object —ochre, perhaps used for dyeing or protection— also became a support for the symbol. A moment when someone decided to engrave a pattern that did not represent anything in the real world, but which undoubtedly meant something to them or their community.
Connection with research on the origin of art (S/Y/C)
The Blombos discovery resonates deeply with the research we have been developing on the S/Y/C model of neuronal functioning and the Law of Biological Coherence (Mallo, 2023, 2025, 2026a, 2026b). These engravings, made by anatomically modern humans, are an early manifestation of the symbolic capacity that defines our species, and can be understood in light of our three dimensions.
The S (Survival) dimension reminds us that ochre, the support for these engravings, likely had a practical function: skin protection, hide preservation, adhesive ingredient (Henshilwood et al., 2002). But the engravings go beyond that utility. They are an extension of the homeostatic function: they not only helped to survive, but allowed people to process and share experiences, regulate emotions, build group identity. Art, from its origins, was a technology of survival not only physical, but also psychological and social.
The Y (Symbolon) dimension is the one that emerges most clearly at Blombos. The geometric patterns are not representations of reality, but symbols: acts of recognition through shared codes. Whoever engraved those lines was not copying nature, but creating a new language, a new form of communication. Symbolon is the bridge between the internal world and the social world, and Blombos is one of the earliest pieces of evidence of that bridge.
The C (Wholeness) dimension manifests in the structure of the engravings themselves. They are not scattered lines, but organized patterns, with symmetry and repetition. They reflect a drive toward totality: the need to close a form, to create a coherent unit from individual lines. This drive is the same that guides the artist when composing a painting or sculpting a statue. Art, from its beginnings, has been a response to the need for order, coherence, and wholeness.
Surgical Philosophy invites us to make a precise analytical cut in these findings. It is not about seeing Blombos as the "first art" and stopping there. It is about understanding that these engravings are part of a continuous process that extends to the present day. What we see at Blombos is the emergence of a function —the symbolic function— that will later develop, diversify, and become more complex over tens of thousands of years.
Implications for future research
The Henshilwood discovery, together with subsequent discoveries at Blombos and other African sites (such as the ostrich eggshell engravings at Diepkloof, over 55,000 years old), has transformed our understanding of the origin of art and symbolic behavior. But it also opens new questions:
What exactly did these patterns mean? Henshilwood and his colleagues acknowledge that we will probably never know (Henshilwood et al., 2002). But their existence demonstrates that MSA humans already had the capacity to create and share abstract symbols.
Was there a broader tradition? The presence of similar engravings at different sites suggests that these patterns were part of a shared symbolic repertoire in southern Africa. How far did this tradition extend? Did it reach other regions?
What is the relationship between these engravings and later figurative art? The Blombos engravings are abstract. Figurative art —the representation of animals and people— does not appear in Africa until much later. Why that leap? What happened in between?
What role did these symbols play in cognition and social evolution? The creation of shared symbols not only allows communication, but also coordination of actions, formation of larger groups, and development of more complex social structures. The Blombos engravings could be one of the first tools of this social transformation.
Final considerations: the echo of an ancient mind
The discovery of the Blombos engravings is much more than an archaeological news item. It is a window into the minds of our ancestors. It shows that, 77,000 years ago, in a cave by the sea, someone took a piece of ochre and, with a stone tool, traced lines that did not represent anything in the outside world, but meant something in their inner world.
Those lines are the echo of a symbolic mind, a mind that could already think abstractly, that could already create shared meanings, that could already express something beyond immediate need. And that capacity, which is still alive today in every work of art, every poem, every song, was not born in the caves of Eurasia 40,000 years ago. It was born in Africa, much earlier, and has been with us ever since.
As Henshilwood's team wrote in their 2002 article, "in the light of this evidence, it seems that, at least in southern Africa, Homo sapiens was behaviorally modern about 77,000 years ago" (Henshilwood et al., 2002, p. 1280). Today we can add: and it still is.
References
Henshilwood, C. S., d'Errico, F., Yates, R., Jacobs, Z., Tribolo, C., Duller, G. A. T., Mercier, N., Sealy, J. C., Valladas, H., Watts, I., & Wintle, A. G. (2002). Emergence of modern human behavior: Middle Stone Age engravings from South Africa. Science, 295(5558), 1278–1280. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1067575
Henshilwood, C. S., d'Errico, F., & Watts, I. (2009). Engraved ochres from the Middle Stone Age levels at Blombos Cave, South Africa. Journal of Human Evolution, 57(1), 27–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2009.02.006
Mallo, B. (2023). La construcción neuro-simbólica. Una aproximación al funcionamiento del cerebro desde una perspectiva multidisciplinar [Doctoral thesis, University of the Basque Country - Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea]. ADDI Repository. http://hdl.handle.net/10810/62701
Mallo, B. (2025). Arte y biología: Una aproximación neurofilosófica al origen de la experiencia estética. https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0E8Y5WZMK
Mallo, B. (2025). Art and biology: A neurophilosophical approach to the origin of aesthetic experience. https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0E8Y6C2XN
Mallo, B. (2026a). De la filosofía quirúrgica a la ley de coherencia biológica S/Y/C: Hacia una investigación sobre el origen del arte en la especie Homo. https://isbn.bibna.gub.uy/catalogo.php?mode=detalle&nt=57196
Mallo, B. (2026a). De la filosofía quirúrgica a la ley de coherencia biológica S/Y/C: Hacia una investigación sobre el origen del arte en la especie Homo [Kindle edition]. https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0GYGTJD5C
Mallo, B. (2026b). From surgical philosophy to the law of biological coherence S/Y/C: Toward a study of the origin of art in the Homo lineage. https://isbn.bibna.gub.uy/catalogo.php?mode=detalle&nt=57197
Autor / Author
Bernabé Mallo
Doctor en Filosofía – Universidad del País Vasco / Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU)
Investigador independiente en neurofilosofía, evolución humana y origen del arte.
Bernabé Mallo
PhD in Philosophy – University of the Basque Country / Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU)
Independent researcher in neurophilosophy, human evolution, and the origin of art.
Enlaces / Links
Página de autor Amazon / Amazon Author Page: https://www.amazon.com/author/bernabemallo
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9002-9728
Plataforma EHUenRed / Link EHUenRed: https://www.ehu.eus/es/web/masterrak-eta-graduondokoak/red-latinoamericana-de-posgrados
Canal YouTube / Channel YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/@neuroideas815
Canal YouTube / Channel YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCBsf6OZ482NjST6QA-hvYtQ
Publicaciones y proyectos en desarrollo / Publications and projects:
https://www.amazon.com/author/bernabemallo
https://ehuenred.theglocal.network/ideas/el-origen-del-arte-en-el-cerebro-de-makapansgat-al-moma-del-primate-al-sapiens